Yasmin Lawsuit News – 1/23/2012: Your heart is divided into two sides, which work in tandem and are separated by an inner wall called the septum. The right side pumps blood to your lungs to pick up oxygen. Next the oxygenated blood returns from the lungs to the left side of the heart, which pumps it to the rest of your body. Your heart has four chambers—-two on each side—and four sets of valves. The upper chambers (the right and left atriums) receive blood from veins, while the lower ones (the right and left ventricles) pump blood into arteries. Blood enters the right atrium through two large veins and flows to the right ventricle through the open tricuspid valve. It leaves the heart through the pidmonary valve, travels through the pulmonaiy artery, and then enters the lungs.
Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs to the left: atrium and moves through the open mitral valve into the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps blood out of the heart, through the aortic valve, and into the aorta from where the blood travels on its way around the body in a network of arteries. The heart is a finely tuned machine: it must contract with enough strength to circulate blood throughout the body, yet it also needs to relax between beats so that it can fill adequately with blood. If any part of this elaborate system breaks down, heart failure may occur.
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This type of heart failure acquires its name because of problems during the systole period of the heart’s activity, or when it is pumping blood out to the rest of the body The left ventricle heart muscle becomes unable to contract with enough vigor, so less oxygen-rich blood is delivered out into the arteries and pumped through the body. Systolic heart failure results in a reduced ejection fraction. This is the proportion of blood that leaves the heart each time it contracts. A normal ejection fraction is in the range of 55 percent to 65 percent. Patients with systolic heart failure typically have an ejection fraction of less than 50 percent and, in severe cases, as low as 10 percent to 15 percent.
Breathing becomes labored when fluid builds up in the lungs, a condition that physicians refer to as pulmonary edema or congestion. People with heart failure may experience breathlessness not only during activity or exercise but also while they rest or sleep. Sometimes they have trouble lying flat and need to prop up their heads and upper bodies on pillows. (Doctors call this condition orthopnea.) In addition, the shortness of breath may come on suddenly, waking people from a sound sleep. (Physicians have a name for this too: paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, or PND.) It is important to describe these symptoms every time you visit your heart failure specialist for a checkup because they mean that your treatment needs to be adjusted.
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Because heart failure is typically progressive, the condition is divided into stages. You may hear your doctor talk about two different methods for classifying heart failure. The first is the New York Heart Association’s (NYHA) ciinical classifications, which rank patients based on their degree of functionality, or how their heart failure symptoms affect day-to-day life. The second, developed by the American Heart Association (AHA) and the American College of Cardiology (ACC) in 2001, is designed to evaluate the development and progression of heart failure. Doctors still rely on this functional classification system, updated most recently in 1994, to determine the most appropriate course of therapy The system ties symptoms to the patients quality of life. Determining a patient’s stage is a subjective assessment made by his or her doctor, and it may change frequently as symptoms improve or worsen.
ACC expanded the range of classifications to include not only those with symptomatic heart failure but also those at risk of developing the condition. They did so because it is now widely known that therapeutic interventions, performed before the onset of symptoms, improve the survival rate for those afflicted with heart failure. This classification system isn’t meant to replace the NYHA’s but rather complement it.
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When the arteries that supply blood and oxygen to the heart muscle become diseased, heart failure can ensue. Nutrients are delivered to the heart muscle by its own set of arteries attached to the outside of the heart muscle. Coronary artery disease develops when the arteries’ inner lining breaks down and the walls thicken. Whereas a child’s arterial walls are smooth and elastic, aging tubular vessels become streaked with fat. In turn, the damaged arteries release chemicals that make their walls tacky. Plaque, a material made up of cholesterol, fatty deposits, and other substances, builds up in the walls, eventually narrowing the opening and restricting the flow of blood. We call this atherosclerosis, but its commonly referred to as hardening of the arteries.
A plaque can rupture, and a blot clot forms suddenly, leading to total occlusion of an artery. This generally results in chest pain and requires emergency treatment. A 50 percent blockage due to the buildup of plaque, but causing no symptoms, can suddenly become a 100 percent blockage due to the blood clot and lead to a full-blown heart attack. A heart starved of oxygen and nutrients due to reduced circulation cant function properly. The organ has difficult}’- responding to increased activity, which may produce chest pain (angina) and other symptoms of heart disease.
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Each year, more than 1 million Americans suffer heart attacks, also called myocardial infarctions. They happen when a coronary artery becomes completely blocked, halting the flow of blood to the heart. According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, approximately 13 million people in the United States have coronary artery disease. Its also the leading cause of death in both men and women, with more than 500,000 Americans dying annually from CAD. Unfortunately, some degree of arterial narrowing is normal as we age. And almost half of all patients don’t know they have coronary artery disease until a fatal event strikes. For this reason, doctors assess each patient for associated risk factors and encourage patients to adopt a healthy lifestyle.
Angina is the most prevalent indication of CAD. People complain of heaviness, pressure, burning, or numbness in their chests. Sometimes they dismiss it as indigestion or heartburn. Other signs may include shortness of breath, weakness, palpitations, nausea, or sweating. Symptoms typically occur with exertion but can happen with minimal activity, mental or emotional stress, and even at rest. Just as the body heals other wounds, it takes approximately eight weeks following a myocardial infarction for the heart muscle to heal and form scar tissue. But scarred tissue isn’t as pliant as healthy heart muscle, and it can diminish the heart s efficiency. To what degree the pumping capacity is impaired depends on the size and location of the scar tissue.
Because of the lingering damage to the heart, a heart attack significantly increases a person’s chances of developing heart failure. According to a 2006 report by the American Heart Association, approximately 22 percent of men and 46 percent of women who have suffered heart attacks will develop heart failure within six years. If the heart muscle has been damaged and the possibility of arterial blockage or restricted blood flow has been eliminated, then the likely cause is cardiomyopathy. Simply put, cardiomyopathy refers to a host of diseases or problems intrinsic to the heart muscle. Sometimes it occurs without any known reason, when it is known as idiopathic cardiomyopathy.
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